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what is the easiest and quickest to tell if someone is possessed by an entity or demon

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Purported control of a homo body by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods

Spirit possession is an unusual or altered state of consciousness and associated behaviors purportedly caused past the control of a human torso by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods.[one] The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including Buddhism, Christianity,[2] Haitian Vodou, Hinduism, Islam, Wicca, and Southeast Asian, African, and Native American traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which information technology is found, possession may be considered voluntary or involuntary and may exist considered to accept beneficial or detrimental effects on the host.[3]

In a 1969 study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, spirit possession beliefs were found to exist in 74% of a sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the everyman incidence among Native Americans of both North and South America.[ane] [4] As Pentecostal and Charismatic Christian churches motility into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can take place, with "demons" becoming representative of the "sometime" indigenous religions, which the Christian ministers attempt to exorcise.[v]

African traditions [edit]

Cardinal Africa [edit]

Autonomous Congo-brazzaville

Farther information: Zebola

Horn of Africa [edit]

Federal democratic republic of ethiopia [edit]

Amidst the Gurage people of Ethiopia, spirit possession is a common conventionalities. Wiliam A. Shack postulated that it is caused by Gurage cultural attitudes nigh food and hunger, while they have a plentiful food supply, cultural pressures that force the Gurage to either share information technology to run into social obligations, or hoard it and eat it secretly cause feelings of anxiety. Distinctions are drawn between spirits that strictly possess men, spirits that possess women, and spirits that possess victims of either sex activity. A ritual illness that just affects men is believed to be caused past a spirit called awre. This affliction presents itself by loss of appetite, nausea, and attacks from severe stomach pains. If it persists, the victim may enter a trance-similar daze, in which he sometimes regains consciousness long enough to take food and water. Breathing is often labored. Seizures and trembling overcome the patient, and in extreme cases, partial paralysis of the extremities.[6]

If the victim does not recover naturally, a traditional healer, or sagwara, is summoned. Once the sagwara has determined the spirit's name through the use of divination, he prescribes a routine formula to bewitch the spirit. This is not a permanent cure, however, it is believed to allow the victim to form a human relationship with the spirit. Nevertheless, the victim is subject to chronic repossession, which is treated by repeating the formula. This formula involves the preparation and consumption of a dish of ensete, butter, and red pepper. During this ritual, the victim's head is covered with a drape, and he eats the ensete ravenously while other ritual participants participate by chanting. The ritual ends when the possessing spirit announces that it is satisfied. Shack notes that the victims are overwhelmingly poor men, and that women are not equally nutrient-deprived as men, due to ritual activities that involve nutrient redistribution and consumption. Shack postulates that the awre serves to bring the possessed human to the heart of social attention, and to relieve his anxieties over his inability to proceeds prestige from redistributing food, which is the chief way in which Gurage men gain status in their society.[half dozen]

The belief in spirit possession is part of the native civilisation of the Sidama people of southwest Ethiopia. Anthropologists Irene and John Hamer postulated that it is a form of compensation for being deprived inside Sidama society, although they do non draw from I.Chiliad. Lewis (see Cultural anthropology department under Scientific views). The majority of the possessed are women whose spirits demand luxury goods to alleviate their status, merely men can be possessed equally well. Possessed individuals of both sexes can get healers due to their condition. Hamer and Hamer propose that this is a class of compensation amidst deprived men in the deeply competitive society of the Sidama, for if a man cannot gain prestige as an orator, warrior, or farmer, he may withal gain prestige as a spirit healer. Women are sometimes accused of faking possession, simply men never are.[vii]

Due east Africa [edit]

Kenya

  • The Digo people of Republic of kenya refer to the spirits that supposedly possess them as shaitani. These shaitani typically need luxury items to make the patient well over again. Despite the fact that men sometimes accuse women of faking the possessions in gild to get luxury items, attention, and sympathy, they practise more often than not regard spirit possession as a 18-carat condition and view victims of information technology as existence ill through no fault of their own. Nevertheless, men sometimes suspect women of actively colluding with spirits in club to be possessed.[eight]
  • The Giriama people of littoral Kenya believe in spirit possession.[9]

Mayote

  • In Mayotte, approximately 25% of the adult population, and five times as many women every bit men, enter trance states in which they are supposedly possessed by certain identifiable spirits who maintain stable and coherent identities from one possession to the adjacent.[10]

Mozambique

  • In Mozambique, a new conventionalities in spirit possession appeared after the Mozambican Ceremonious War. These spirits, called gamba, are said to be identified equally expressionless soldiers, and allegedly overwhelmingly possess women. Prior to the state of war, spirit possession was limited to certain families and was less common.[11]

Republic of uganda

  • In Uganda, a woman named Alice Auma was reportedly possessed by the spirit of a male Italian soldier named Lakwena ('messenger'). She ultimately led a failed insurrection against governmental forces.[12]

Tanzania

  • The Sukuma people of Tanzania believe in spirit possession.[xiii]
  • A now-extinct spirit possession cult existed amidst the Hadimu women of Zanzibar, revering a spirit called kitimiri. This cult was described in an 1869 account by a French missionary. The cult faded by the 1920s and was virtually unknown by the 1960s.[14]

Southern Africa [edit]

  • A belief in spirit possession appears amidst the Xesibe, a Xhosa-speaking people from Transkei, South Africa. The majority of the supposedly possessed are married women. The condition of spirit possession among them is called inwatso. Those who develop the condition of inwatso are regarded equally having a special calling to divine the future. They are first treated with sympathy, and and so with respect as they allegedly develop their abilities to foretell the future.[15]

West Africa [edit]

  • Ane religion among Hausa people of West Africa is that of Hausa animism, in which belief in spirit possession is prevalent.

African diasporic traditions [edit]

In many of the Diasporic traditional African religions, possessing spirits are non necessarily harmful or evil, merely are rather seeking to rebuke misconduct in the living.[sixteen] Possession is too for the purpose to gain knowledge and insight from an ancestral spirit or deity. This is done past dancing in a circle counterclockwise or performing other rituals to call the spirit. Possession past a spirit in African Diaspora and African Traditional Religions can effect in healing for the person possessed and information gained from possession every bit the spirit provides noesis to the 1 they possessed.[17] [18]

Haitian Vodou [edit]

In Haitian Vodou and related African diaspora traditions, one way that those who participate or exercise can have a spiritual feel is past being possessed by the Loa (or lwa). When the Loa descends upon a practitioner, the practitioner's torso is being used by the spirit, according to the tradition. Some spirits are believed to be able to give prophecies of upcoming events or situations pertaining to the possessed one, also chosen a Chwal or the "Horse of the Spirit." Practitioners describe this as a cute but very tiring experience. Most people who are possessed by the spirit draw the onset as a feeling of black or energy flowing through their body as if they were existence electrocuted. Co-ordinate to Vodou believers, when this occurs, information technology is a sign that a possession is well-nigh to take place.[ commendation needed ]

According to tradition, the practitioner has no recollection of the possession and in fact, when the possessing spirit leaves the body, the possessed i is tired and wonders what has happened during the possession. It is besides believed that there are those who feign possessions considering they want attending or a feeling of importance, considering those who are possessed acquit a high importance in ceremony. Often, a chwal volition undergo some form of trial or testing to brand certain that the possession is allegedly 18-carat. Equally an example, someone possessed by one of the Guédé spirits may be offered piment, a liqueur made by steeping 21 chili peppers in kleren, a potent alcoholic beverage. If the chwal consumes the piment without showing any prove of hurting or discomfort, the possession is regarded as genuine.[ citation needed ]

Umbanda [edit]

The concept of spirit possession is too constitute in Umbanda, an Afro-Brazilian folk religion. According to tradition, 1 such possessing spirit is Pomba Gira, who possesses both women and males.[19]

Hoodoo [edit]

The culture of Hoodoo was created by African-Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African-Americans traveled, the tradition of Hoodoo changed according to African-Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes reverence to ancestral spirits, African-American quilt making, herbal healing, Bakongo and Igbo burial practices, Holy Ghost shouting, praise houses, serpent reverence, African-American churches, spirit possession, some Nkisi practices, Black Spiritual churches, Black theology, the ring shout, the Kongo cosmogram, Simbi water spirits, graveyard conjuring, the crossroads spirit, making conjure canes, incorporating animal parts, pouring of libations, Bible conjuring, and conjuring in the African-American tradition. In Hoodoo, people get possessed by the Holy Ghost. Spirit possession in Hoodoo was influenced by West African Vodun spirit possession. As Africans were enslaved in the United states, the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) replaced the African gods during possession. "Spirit possession was reinterpreted in Christian terms."[20] In African-American churches this is called filled with the Holy Ghost. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (W. East. B. Du Bois) studied African-American churches in the early on twentieth century. Du Bois asserts that the early years of the Blackness church during slavery on plantations was influenced by Voodooism.[21]

Through counterclockwise circle dancing, band shouters built up spiritual energy that resulted in the advice with ancestral spirits, and led to spirit possession. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the heart. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm. The middle of the band shout is where the ancestors and the Holy Spirit reside at the eye.[22] [23] [24] The Ring Shout (a sacred dance in Hoodoo) in Black churches results in spirit possession. The Ring Shout is a counterclockwise circle dance with singing and clapping that results in possession past the Holy Spirit. Information technology is believed when people become possessed by the Holy Spirit their hearts become filled with the Holy Ghost which purifies their centre and soul from evil and replace information technology with joy.[25] The Ring Shout in Hoodoo was influenced by the Kongo cosmogram a sacred symbol of the Bantu-Kongo people in Cardinal Africa. It symbolizes the cyclical nature of life of nascence, life, death, and rebirth (reincarnation of the soul). The Kongo cosmogram also symbolizes the rising and setting of the lord's day, the lord's day rising in the east and setting in the west that is counterclockwise, which is why ring shouters trip the light fantastic toe in a circle counterclockwise to invoke the spirit.[26] [27]

Asian traditions [edit]

Buddhism [edit]

According to the Indian medical literature and Tantric Buddhist scriptures, most of the "seizers", or those that threaten the lives of young children, appear in animal form: cow, panthera leo, fox, monkey, horse, dog, grunter, cat, crow, pheasant, owl, and snake. Nonetheless, autonomously from these "nightmare shapes", it is believed the impersonation or incarnation of animals could in some circumstances also exist highly benign, according to Michel Strickmann.[28]

Ch'i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the 13th century, wrote that in addition to five sorts of falling frenzy classified co-ordinate to their causative factors, there were likewise iv types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off past the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, pig, and dog frenzies.[28]

Māra

Buddha, resisting the demons of Mara

In Buddhism, a māra, sometimes translated every bit "demon", can either be a beingness suffering in the hell realm[29] or a mirage.[30] Earlier Siddhartha became Gautama Buddha, He was challenged by Mara, the embodiment of temptation, and overcame it.[31] In traditional Buddhism, four forms of māra are enumerated:[32]

  • Kleśa-māra, or māra as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions, such equally greed, hate, and delusion.
  • Mṛtyu-māra, or māra as death.
  • Skandha-māra, or māra as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence.
  • Devaputra-māra, the deva of the sensuous realm, who tries to forestall Gautama Buddha from attaining liberation from the wheel of rebirth on the dark of the Buddha'due south enlightenment.[33]

It is believed that a māra volition depart to a unlike realm one time it is appeased.[29]

East Asia [edit]

Sure sects of Taoism, Korean shamanism, Shinto, some Japanese new religious movements, and other Eastward Asian religions feature the thought of spirit possession. Some sects characteristic shamans who supposedly become possessed; mediums who allegedly aqueduct beings' supernatural power; or enchanters are said to imbue or foster spirits inside objects, like samurai swords.[34] The Hong Kong flick Super Normal II (大迷信, 1993) shows the truthful famous story of a young lady in Taiwan who possesses the dead body of a married woman to live her pre-determined remaining life.[35] She is still serving in the Zhen Tian Temple in Yunlin County.[36]

China

  • Shi (Chinese ancestor veneration)
  • Shamanism of the Solon People (Inner Mongolia)
  • Tangki

Japan

  • Misaki

Southern asia [edit]

Ayurveda

  • Bhūtavidyā, the exorcism of possessing spirits, is traditionally i of the viii limbs of Ayurveda.

Rajasthan

  • The concept of spirit possession exists in the culture of modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits allegedly possessing Rajasthanis are seen as practiced and benign, while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits are said to include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints & fakirs. Bad spirits are believed to include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The supposedly possessed private is referred to equally a ghorala, or "mount". Possession, even if by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it is seen to entail loss of self-control, and violent emotional outbursts.[37]

Tamil Nadu

  • Tamil women in India are said to experience possession by peye spirits. According to tradition, these spirits overwhelmingly possess new brides, are usually identified as the ghosts of young men who died while romantically or sexually frustrated, and are ritually exorcised.[38]

Sri Lanka

  • The Coast Veddas, a social group inside the minority group of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, enter trances during religious festivals in which they are regarded as beingness possessed by a spirit. Although they speak a dialect of Tamil, during trances they will sometimes utilize a mixed linguistic communication that contains words from the Vedda language.[39]

Southeast Asia [edit]

Republic of indonesia

  • In Bali, the animist traditions of the island include a do called sanghyang, induction of voluntary possession trance states for specific purposes. Roughly similar to voluntary possession in Vaudon (Voodoo), sanghyang is considered a sacred state in which hyangs (deities) or helpful spirits temporarily inhabit the bodies of participants. The purpose of sanghyang is believed to be to cleanse people and places of evil influences and restore spiritual balance. Thus, information technology is often referred to every bit an exorcism ceremony.[ commendation needed ]
  • In Sulawesi, the women of the Bonerate people of Sulawesi exercise a possession-trance ritual in which they smother glowing embers with their bare feet at the climax. The fact that they are non burned in the process is considered proof of the authenticity of the possession.[xl]

Malaysia

  • Female workers in Malaysian factories have allegedly become possessed by spirits, and factory owners generally regard it as mass hysteria and an intrusion of irrational and archaic beliefs into a mod setting.[41]
  • Anthropologist Aihwa Ong noted that spirit possession beliefs in Malaysia were typically held by older, married women, whereas the female mill workers are typically young and single. She connects this to the rapid industrialization and modernization of Malaysia. Ong argued that spirit possession is a traditional way of rebelling against authorisation without punishment, and suggests that it is a means of protesting the untenable working conditions and sexual harassment that the women were compelled to endure.[41]

Oceanic traditions [edit]

Melanesia [edit]

The Urapmin people of the New Guinea Highlands practice a form of group possession known equally the "spirit disco" (Tok Pisin: spirit disko).[42] Men and women gather in church buildings, dancing in circles and jumping up and down while women sing Christian songs; this is called "pulling the [Holy] spirit" (Tok Pisin: pulim spirit, Urap: Sinik dagamin).[42] [43] The songs' melodies are borrowed from traditional women's songs sung at pulsate dances (Urap: wat dalamin), and the lyrics are typically in Telefol or other Mountain Ok languages.[43] If successful, some dancers volition "get the spirit" (Tok Pisin: kisim spirit), flailing wildly and careening virtually the trip the light fantastic toe floor.[42] After an hour or more, those possessed will plummet, the singing will end, and the spirit disco will end with a prayer and, if in that location is time, a Bible reading and sermon.[42] The body is believed to normally exist "heavy" (Urapmin: ilum) with sin, and possession is the process of the Holy Spirit throwing the sins from one's body, making the person "light" (fong) once more.[42] This is a completely new ritual for the Urapmin, who have no ethnic tradition of spirit-possession.[42]

Micronesia [edit]

The concept of spirit possession appears in Chuuk State, one of the 4 states of Federated States of Micronesia. Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional behavior in spirit possession past the dead yet exist, usually held by women, and "events" are ordinarily brought on past family unit conflicts. The supposed spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family unit members to treat each other better.[44]

European traditions [edit]

Ancient Greece [edit]

Abrahamic traditions [edit]

Christianity [edit]

Roman Catholic doctrine states that angels are non-corporeal, spiritual beings[45] with intelligence and volition.[46] Fallen angels, or demons, are able to "demonically possess" individuals without the victim'due south knowledge or consent, leaving them morally blameless.[47]

Demonic possession [edit]

From its offset, Christianity has held that possession derives from the Devil, i.e. Satan, his lesser demons, the fallen angels.[48] In the boxing between Satan and Heaven, Satan is believed to engage in "spiritual attacks", including demonic possession, confronting human being beings past the use of supernatural powers to harm them physically or psychologically.[i] Prayer for deliverance, blessings upon the man or adult female'due south firm or trunk, sacraments, and exorcisms are mostly used to drive the demon out.

Onetime Testament

The Catholic Encyclopedia says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Quondam Testament, of King Saul existence tormented past an "evil spirit" (1 Samuel 16:xiv), but this depends on interpreting the Hebrew discussion "rûah" as implying a personal influence which it may non, so even this example is described as "not very certain". In addition, Saul was only described to be tormented, rather than possessed, and he was relieved from these torments past having David play the lyre to him.[49]

Some theologians, such as Ángel Manuel Rodríguez, say that mediums, like the ones mentioned in Leviticus 20:27, were possessed by demons. Another possible case of demonic possession in the One-time Testament includes the simulated prophets that King Ahab relied upon before re-capturing Ramoth-Gilead in 1 Kings 22. They were described to exist empowered by a deceiving spirit.[l]

New Testament

The New Testament mentions several episodes in which Jesus collection out demons from persons.[48] Whilst most Christians believe that demonic possession is an involuntary disease,[51] there are Biblical verses that propose that demon possession is voluntary. An case of this is Judas Isacriot, who fell under the Devil'due south possession in John 13:27 considering he continually agreed to the Devil'due south suggestions to betray Jesus and wholly submitted to him.[52]

The New Attestation (of The Holy Bible) indicates that people can be possessed past demons (This is linguistically debatable according to the original Greek text. Nestle-Aland, page 165, et al), but that the demons respond and submit to Jesus Christ'due south authority:

33 In the synagogue, there was a man possessed (This word does not be in the original Greek text. Run into Nestle-Aland, p. 165 et al) by a demon, an evil spirit. He cried out at the top of his vocalism, 34"Ha! What practice yous want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Take y'all come up to destroy u.s.? I know who you are—the Holy One of God! "35"Be quiet!" Jesus said sternly. "Come up out of him!" Then the demon threw the homo downwardly before them all and came out without injuring him. 36All the people were amazed and said to each other, "What is this instruction? With potency and power he gives orders to evil spirits and they come up out!" 37And the news about him spread throughout the surrounding surface area

—Luke 4:33-35 NIV[53]

It too indicates that demons tin possess animals as in the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac.[53]

Catholicism

Exorcism of the Gerasene Demonaic

Catholic exorcists differentiate between "ordinary" Satanic/demonic activity or influence (mundane everyday temptations) and "extraordinary" Satanic/demonic activity, which can accept half dozen different forms, ranging from complete command by Satan or demons to voluntary submission:[47]

  1. Possession, in which Satan or demons have full possession of a person'southward body without their consent. This possession ordinarily comes every bit a result of a person'south actions; actions that lead to an increased susceptibility to Satan's influence.
  2. Obsession, which includes sudden attacks of irrationally obsessive thoughts, ordinarily culminating in suicidal ideation, and which typically influences dreams.
  3. Oppression, in which there is no loss of consciousness or involuntary action, such as in the biblical Book of Job in which Job was tormented by Satan through a series of misfortunes in business, fabric possessions, family unit, and health.
  4. External concrete pain caused past Satan or demons.
  5. Infestation, which affects houses, objects/things, or animals; and
  6. Subjection, in which a person voluntarily submits to Satan or demons.

In the Roman Ritual, true demonic or Satanic possession has been characterized since the Center Ages, past the following four typical characteristics:[54] [55]

  1. Manifestation of superhuman strength.
  2. Speaking in tongues or languages that the victim cannot know.
  3. Revelation of knowledge, distant or hidden, that the victim cannot know.
  4. Blasphemous rage, obscene hand gestures, using profanity and an aversion to holy symbols, names, relics or places.

The New Catholic Encyclopedia states, "Ecclesiastical authorities are reluctant to acknowledge diabolical possession in most cases, because many tin can be explained by physical or mental disease solitary. Therefore, medical and psychological examinations are necessary before the operation of major exorcism. The standard that must be met is that of moral finality (De exorcismis, sixteen). For an exorcist to exist morally certain, or beyond reasonable doubt, that he is dealing with a 18-carat example of demonic possession, there must be no other reasonable caption for the phenomena in question".[56]

Official Cosmic doctrine affirms that demonic possession tin can occur as distinguished from mental illness,[57] but stresses that cases of mental illness should not be misdiagnosed as demonic influence. Catholic exorcisms can occur only nether the say-so of a bishop and in accordance with strict rules; a uncomplicated exorcism also occurs during baptism.[1]

Reformed

The infliction of demonic torment upon an private has been chronicled in premodern Protestant literature. In 1597, King James discussed four methods of daemonic influence upon an individual in his book Daemonologie:[58]

  1. Spectra, being the haunting and troubling of certain houses or solitary places.
  2. Obsession, the post-obit and outwardly torment of an individual at diverse hours to either weaken or cast diseases upon the body, as in the volume of Job.
  3. Possession, the archway inwardly into an private to beget uncontrollable fits, induce blasphemies,
  4. Faerie, being the influence those who voluntarily submit to consort, prophesy, or servitude.

King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. He rejected the symptoms and signs prescribed by the Catholic church as vain (e.g. rage begotten from Holy Water, fear of the Cross, etc.) and establish that the exorcism rites to be troublesome and ineffective to recite. The Rites of the Catholic Church to remedy the torment of demonic spirits were rejected as apocryphal since few possessed could exist cured past them. James therefore declared the Protestant view of casting out devils, "It is easy then to understand that the casting out of Devils, is past the virtue of fasting and prayer, and in-calling of the name of God, suppose many imperfections be in the person that is the instrument, every bit CHRIST himself teaches us (Mat. 7) of the power that false Prophets all take bandage out devils".[59]

In medieval Cracking Britain, the Christian church had offered suggestions on safeguarding 1's domicile. Suggestions ranged from dousing a household with holy water, placing wax and herbs on thresholds to "ward off witches occult," and avoiding sure areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark.[60] Afflicted persons were restricted from entering the church, simply might share the shelter of the porch with lepers and persons of offensive life. Subsequently the prayers, if quiet, they might come up in to receive the bishop's blessing and mind to the sermon. They were fed daily and prayed over by the exorcists, and, in case of recovery, afterwards a fast of from 20 to 40 days, were admitted to the Eucharist, and their names and cures entered in the church building records.[61] In 1603, the Church of England forbade its clergy from performing exorcisms because of numerous fraudulent cases of demonic possession.[57]

Baptist

In May 2021, the Baptist Deliverance Study Group of the Baptist Matrimony of Great Britain, a Christian denomination, issued a "warning against occult spirituality following the ascent in people trying to communicate with the dead". The commission reported that "becoming involved in activities such as Spiritualism tin can open up a doorway to nifty spiritual oppression which requires a Christian rite to set that person free".[62]

Evangelical

In both charismatic and evangelical Christianity, exorcisms of demons are often carried out by individuals or groups vest to the deliverance ministries motion.[63] Co-ordinate to these groups, symptoms of such possessions can include chronic fatigue syndrome, homosexuality, addiction to pornography, and alcoholism.[64] The New Attestation's description of people who had evil spirits includes a knowledge of hereafter events (Acts 16:16) and great strength (Act 19:xiii-16),[48] amidst others, and shows that those with evil spirits tin can speak of Christ (Mark 3:7-11).[48] Some Evangelical denominations believe that demonic possession is not possible if i has already professed their faith in Christ, because the Holy Spirit already occupies the body and a demon cannot enter.

Islam [edit]

Diverse types of creatures, such as jinn, shayatin, ʻafarit, found within Islamic civilisation, are oftentimes held to be responsible for spirit possession. Spirit possession appears in both Islamic theology and wider cultural tradition.

ʻAfarit

Although opposed by some Muslim scholars, sleeping near a graveyard or a tomb is believed to enable contact with the ghosts of the dead, who visit the sleeper in dreams and provide hidden knowledge.[65] Possession by ʻafarit (a vengeful ghost) are said to grant the possessed some supernatural powers, but it drives them insane every bit well.[66]

Jinn

Jinn are much more physical than spirits,[67] however, due to their subtle bodies, which are composed of fire and air (marijin min nar), they are purported to be able to possess the bodies of humans. Such physical intrusion of the jinn is conceptually unlike from the whisperings of the devils.[68] Though not directly attested in the Quran, the notion of jinn possessing humans is widespread amongst Muslims and likewise accepted by nigh Islamic scholars.[69] Since such jinn are said to have free will, they can have their own reasons to possess humans and are not necessarily harmful. There are various reasons given as to why a jinn might seek to possess an individual, such every bit falling in dear with them, taking revenge for hurting them or their relatives, or other undefined reasons.[seventy] [71] At an intended possession, the covenant with the jinn must exist renewed.[72] Since jinn are not necessarily evil, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by devils/demons.[73]

Shayatin

In contrast to Jinn, the shayatin are inherently evil.[74] Iblis, the leader of the shayatin, just tempts humans into sin by following their lower nafs.[75] [76] Hadiths suggest that the demons/devils whisper from within the human body, within or next to the centre, and and so "devilish whisperings" (Arabic: waswās وَسْوَاس) are sometimes thought of as a kind of possession.[77] Different possession by jinn, the whisperings of demons affects the soul instead of the body.

Judaism [edit]

Shedim

Although forbidden in the Hebrew Bible, magic was widely good in the tardily Second Temple Catamenia and well documented in the period following the destruction of the Temple into the 3rd, quaternary, and 5th centuries C.E.[78] [79] Jewish magical papyri were inscriptions on amulets, ostraca and incantation bowls used in Jewish magical practices confronting shedim and other unclean spirits. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Jewish methods of exorcism were described in the Book of Tobias.[80] [81]

Dybbuk

In the 16th century, Isaac Luria, a Jewish mystic, wrote about the transmigration of souls seeking perfection. His disciples took his idea a step further, creating the idea of a dybbuk, a soul inhabiting a victim until information technology had accomplished its task or atoned for its sin.[82] The dybbuk appears in Jewish folklore and literature, too as in chronicles of Jewish life.[83] In Jewish folklore, a dybbuk is a disembodied spirit that wanders restlessly until information technology inhabits the body of a living person. The Baal Shem could expel a harmful dybbuk through exorcism.[84]

Shamanic traditions [edit]

Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner who is believed to collaborate with a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.[85] [86] The goal of this is usually to straight these spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world, for healing or another purpose.[85]

New religious movements [edit]

Wicca [edit]

Wiccans believe in voluntary possession past the Goddess, continued with the sacred ceremony of Cartoon Down the Moon. The high priestess solicits the Goddess to possess her and speak through her.[87]

Scientific views [edit]

Cultural anthropology [edit]

The works of Jean Rouch, Germaine Dieterlen, and Marcel Griaule take been extensively cited in research studies on possession in Western Africa that extended to Brazil and North America due to the slave trade.[88] [89]

The anthropologist I.K. Lewis noted that women are more probable to be involved in spirit possession cults than men are, and postulated that such cults act as a means of compensation for their exclusion from other spheres inside their respective cultures.[90]

Physical anthropology [edit]

Anthropologists Alice B. Kehoe and Dody H. Giletti argued that the reason that women are more normally seen in Afro-Eurasian spirit possession cults is because of deficiencies in thiamine, tryptophan-niacin, calcium, and vitamin D. They argued that a combination of poverty and nutrient taboos crusade this problem, and that it is exacerbated by the strains of pregnancy and lactation. They postulated that the involuntary symptoms of these deficiencies affecting their nervous systems have been institutionalized every bit spirit possession.[91]

Medicine and psychology [edit]

Spirit possession (of any kind, including demonic possession) is not a psychiatric or medical diagnosis recognized by either the DSM-5 or the ICD-10.[92] Withal, in clinical psychiatry, trance and possession disorders are defined as "states involving a temporary loss of the sense of personal identity and full awareness of the environment" and are mostly classed as a blazon of dissociative disorder.[93]

People alleged to be possessed past spirits sometimes exhibit symptoms similar to those associated with mental illnesses such equally psychosis, catatonia, hysteria, mania, Tourette's syndrome, epilepsy, schizophrenia, or dissociative identity disorder,[94] [95] [96] including involuntary, uncensored behavior, and an actress-human being, extra-social aspect to the individual's actions.[97] Information technology is not uncommon to ascribe the experience of sleep paralysis to demonic possession, although it's non a physical or mental illness.[98] Studies take constitute that alleged demonic possessions can be related to trauma.[99]

In entry article on Dissociative Identity Disorder, the DSM-5 states, "possession-class identities in dissociative identity disorder typically manifest as behaviors that appear every bit if a 'spirit,' supernatural being, or outside person has taken control such that the individual begins speaking or acting in a distinctly different style".[100] The symptoms vary beyond cultures.[93] The DSM-5 indicates that personality states of dissociative identity disorder may exist interpreted as possession in some cultures, and instances of spirit possession are frequently related to traumatic experiences—suggesting that possession experiences may exist caused by mental distress.[99] In cases of dissociative identity disorder in which the alter personality is questioned as to its identity, 29 percent are reported to identify themselves as demons.[101] A 19th century term for a mental disorder in which the patient believes that they are possessed by demons or evil spirits is demonomania or cacodemonomanis.[102]

Some take expressed business that belief in demonic possession can limit admission to wellness intendance for the mentally ill.[103]

Notable examples [edit]

Purported spirit channelers [edit]

In alphabetical society:

  • Alice Auma
  • Lurancy Vennum

Purported demonic possessions [edit]

In chronological order:

  • Martha Brossier (1578)
  • Aix-en-Provence possessions (1611)
  • Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing (1621)
  • Loudun possessions (1634)
  • Dorothy Talbye trial (1639)
  • Louviers possessions (1647)
  • The Possession of Elizabeth Knapp (1671)
  • George Lukins (1788)
  • Gottliebin Dittus (1842)
  • Antoine Gay (1871)
  • Johann Blumhardt (1842)
  • Clara Germana Cele (1906)
  • Exorcism of Roland Doe (1940)
  • Anneliese Michel (1968)
  • Michael Taylor (1974)
  • Arne Cheyenne Johnson (1981)
  • Tanacu exorcism (2005)

See also [edit]

  • Automatic writing
  • Body hopping
  • Demonology
  • Divine madness
  • Enthusiasm
  • Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language
  • Listing of exorcists
  • Necromancy
  • Spirit spouse
  • Spiritualist Church
  • The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
  • Unclean spirit
  • Walk-in

References [edit]

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